THERAPY-Magazin
Practise walking by walking!
Discover how electromechanical gait trainers like the THERA-Trainer lyra support walking recovery after stroke. Learn why early, repetitive gait training is critical for regaining mobility and independence.
Jakob Tiebel
Business Owner, N+ Digital Health Agency
There are 15 million strokes worldwide each year. Some 270,000 of them happen in Germany alone. These figures are expected to double by 2030 [1,2,3]. Restoring walking ability and associated activities as part of neurological rehabilitation is one of the main concerns in physiotherapy. An important objective is to enable patients to participate actively in society once more [4].
Three months after a stroke, 70 percent of survivors rely on a wheelchair [5]. Roughly 20 percent of those affected do not recover the ability to walk and are permanently dependent on a wheelchair. A third of the patients who recover walking ability find that their walking speed and endurance are significantly reduced and they lack confidence when crossing the road [6]. Recovering walking ability after a stroke is one of the biggest therapy objectives among stroke survivors themselves [7,8]. The more problems patients have with walking, the more devastating the consequences that they experience as a result of their illness [9].
The chances of recovering walking ability are greatest within the first six months following an acute event. So choosing the right method for walking rehabilitation is essential.
The chances of recovering walking ability are greatest within the first six months following an acute event. So choosing the right method for walking rehabilitation is essential.
Development of automated walking therapy
In rehabilitation, practising walking on a repetitive basis comes under the umbrella term locomotion therapy [10]. Locomotion is the "active movement of an individual from place to place powered by the rhythmic movement of the limbs" [10]. Initial attempts at walking should be undertaken as soon as patients are sufficiently resilient. This is where practising walking function is critical. Task-specific and repetitive training should be the preferred option. The manual treadmill with body weight support was a first step in this direction [11]. The development of modern robotic-supported systems has continuously broadened the range of options – so much so that locomotion therapy in the last 20 years has developed into an integral part of neurological rehabilitation and become an area of physiotherapy [10].
In rehabilitation, practising walking on a repetitive basis comes under the umbrella term locomotion therapy [10]. Locomotion is the "active movement of an individual from place to place powered by the rhythmic movement of the limbs" [10]. Initial attempts at walking should be undertaken as soon as patients are sufficiently resilient. This is where practising walking function is critical. Task-specific and repetitive training should be the preferred option. The manual treadmill with body weight support was a first step in this direction [11]. The development of modern robotic-supported systems has continuously broadened the range of options – so much so that locomotion therapy in the last 20 years has developed into an integral part of neurological rehabilitation and become an area of physiotherapy [10].
Use of robotics – technological progress is revolutionising gait therapy sustainably
In addition to treadmills with and without safety belts and partial body weight support, there are essentially two distinct stationary electromechanical devices: exoskeleton gait trainers and end-effector gait trainers. While the exoskeleton is constructed in such a way that the hip and knee joints are moved during the walking cycle with leg orthoses fitted with electric motors, the end-effector systems are characterised by having no proximal guidance at the hips and knees but instead at the distal tips of the limbs. The patient’s feet are held in place on mobile foot plates. The trajectory of the foot plates corresponds to the human gait cycle, which is repetitively simulated during training. The systems are generally fitted with a belt for body weight support, which opens up the possibility of using locomotion therapy in patients who are unable to walk [11].
In addition to treadmills with and without safety belts and partial body weight support, there are essentially two distinct stationary electromechanical devices: exoskeleton gait trainers and end-effector gait trainers. While the exoskeleton is constructed in such a way that the hip and knee joints are moved during the walking cycle with leg orthoses fitted with electric motors, the end-effector systems are characterised by having no proximal guidance at the hips and knees but instead at the distal tips of the limbs. The patient’s feet are held in place on mobile foot plates. The trajectory of the foot plates corresponds to the human gait cycle, which is repetitively simulated during training. The systems are generally fitted with a belt for body weight support, which opens up the possibility of using locomotion therapy in patients who are unable to walk [11].
Key definition – electromechanical-assisted gait training (robot-assisted gait training, RAGT) is an alternative to both classic "overground" gait training and treadmill training with and without body weight support. A distinction is made between exoskeleton systems, where the patient is moved by means of motor-driven orthoses, and end-effector systems, where the step cycle is simulated via motor-driven foot plates. Electromechanical gait trainers are used in the context of rehabilitation to provide patients who are unable to walk with highly effective, task-oriented gait training with many repetitions which, according to current evidence, significantly increases the chance of regaining independent walking ability after a stroke. In the past, comparative studies have shown significantly higher success rates from the use of end-effector gait trainers, which is why these systems are considered to be correspondingly more effective. They also have the benefit of being much easier to handle and more intuitive to use.
Increased efficiency – better outcome with significantly lower strain
Clinical studies prove that treadmill training with partial body weight support improves walking ability in stroke patients [12]. Despite the generally positive effects attributed to locomotion therapy with robotic supported systems, no significant advantage has been conclusively proven compared to manual treadmill therapy [13]. However, training a severely impaired patient on a treadmill frequently requires up to two therapists who, mostly under intense physical exertion, position the patient’s feet in order to reproduce repetitive gait cycles [14]. Using an electromechanical gait trainer therefore offers clear advantages, particularly in the acute and sub-acute stage of rehabilitation. Because the therapists are under significantly less strain, the patient can practise a higher number of repetitions of gait cycles in a unit, which is essential for restoring walking ability [15].
Clinical studies prove that treadmill training with partial body weight support improves walking ability in stroke patients [12]. Despite the generally positive effects attributed to locomotion therapy with robotic supported systems, no significant advantage has been conclusively proven compared to manual treadmill therapy [13]. However, training a severely impaired patient on a treadmill frequently requires up to two therapists who, mostly under intense physical exertion, position the patient’s feet in order to reproduce repetitive gait cycles [14]. Using an electromechanical gait trainer therefore offers clear advantages, particularly in the acute and sub-acute stage of rehabilitation. Because the therapists are under significantly less strain, the patient can practise a higher number of repetitions of gait cycles in a unit, which is essential for restoring walking ability [15].
Studies favour end-effector gait trainers – DGNR has been recommending their use since December 2015
Numerous clinical studies over the last ten years have investigated the therapeutic effect of automated gait therapy in stroke patients. What these studies have revealed is that a combination of electromechanical gait training and physiotherapy is significantly more advantageous compared to purely conventional therapy [16,17,18]. The large-scale, multi-centre German gait trainer study (DEGAS study) showed in 2007 that, when compared to 45 minutes of conventional physiotherapy over 20 treatment units, the combination of a 20-minute gait training session on an end-effector trainer and 25 minutes of conventional physiotherapy increases the chance of being able to walk independently again by a factor of 2.5 [20]. Electromechanical gait therapy is highly effective for repetitively practising a physiological gait pattern. It also enables controlled cardiovascular training and functional strengthening of the muscle groups needed for walking [11]. This type of intervention is particularly beneficial to stroke patients who are unable to walk in the sub-acute stage (<3 months following a stroke) [19].
It is assumed that one in seven cases of inability to walk can be prevented with intensive gait training. The therapy chances also depend on the type of device used for therapy. The group of end-effector trainers performs significantly better compared to exoskeletons [19].
The S2e Guideline "Rehabilitation of Mobility after Stroke (Re-MoS)" published by the German Society of Neurorehabilitation (DGNR) in December 2015 classified the use of end-effector trainers for stroke patients who are unable to walk as a "Should" recommendation [21].
Numerous clinical studies over the last ten years have investigated the therapeutic effect of automated gait therapy in stroke patients. What these studies have revealed is that a combination of electromechanical gait training and physiotherapy is significantly more advantageous compared to purely conventional therapy [16,17,18]. The large-scale, multi-centre German gait trainer study (DEGAS study) showed in 2007 that, when compared to 45 minutes of conventional physiotherapy over 20 treatment units, the combination of a 20-minute gait training session on an end-effector trainer and 25 minutes of conventional physiotherapy increases the chance of being able to walk independently again by a factor of 2.5 [20]. Electromechanical gait therapy is highly effective for repetitively practising a physiological gait pattern. It also enables controlled cardiovascular training and functional strengthening of the muscle groups needed for walking [11]. This type of intervention is particularly beneficial to stroke patients who are unable to walk in the sub-acute stage (<3 months following a stroke) [19].
It is assumed that one in seven cases of inability to walk can be prevented with intensive gait training. The therapy chances also depend on the type of device used for therapy. The group of end-effector trainers performs significantly better compared to exoskeletons [19].
The S2e Guideline "Rehabilitation of Mobility after Stroke (Re-MoS)" published by the German Society of Neurorehabilitation (DGNR) in December 2015 classified the use of end-effector trainers for stroke patients who are unable to walk as a "Should" recommendation [21].
Broad range of application – not only stroke patients benefit
In addition to strokes, there are other neurological diseases: spinal cord injuries, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease and traumatic brain injury. These diseases also frequently lead to impairments in walking ability. Various studies have demonstrated the potential in the use of automated gait therapy even for these disorders [22,23,24].
In addition to strokes, there are other neurological diseases: spinal cord injuries, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease and traumatic brain injury. These diseases also frequently lead to impairments in walking ability. Various studies have demonstrated the potential in the use of automated gait therapy even for these disorders [22,23,24].
Ambulante Rehabilitation
Fachkreise
Gait
lyra
Produkte
Stationäre Rehabilitation
Therapy & Practice
THERAPY 2018-I
THERAPY Magazine
Jakob Tiebel
Business Owner, N+ Digital Health Agency
Jakob Tiebel studied applied psychology with a focus on health economics. He has clinical expertise from his previous therapeutic work in neurorehabilitation. He conducts research and publishes on the theory-practice transfer in neurorehabilitation and is the owner of Native.Health, an agency for digital health marketing.
References:
- Lozano, R. et al. Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet (London, England) 380, 2095–2128 (2012)
- Murray, C. J. L. et al. Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet (London, England) 380, 2197–2223 (2012)
- Krishnamurthi, R. V. et al. Global and regional burden of first- ever ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke during 1990-2010: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet Glob. Heal. 1, e259–e281 (2013)
- Van Peppen, R. P. S.; Kwakkel, G.; Wood-Dauphinee, S.; et al. Einfluss der Physiotherapie auf das funktionelle Outcome nach Schlaganfall: Evidenzen. In Dettmers, Ch.; Bülau, P.; Weiller, C. (Hrsg). Schlaganfall Rehabilitation. Bad Honnef: Hippocampus Verlag (2007)
- Wade, D. T.; Hewer, R. Functional abilities after stroke: Measurement, natural history and prognosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 50: 177-182 (1987)
- Jorgensen, H.S.; Nakayama, H., Raaschou H. O.; Olsen T. S. Recovery of walking function in stroke patients: the Copenhagen stroke Study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 76: 27-32 (1995)
- Bohannon, R. W.; Horton, M. G.; Wikholm J. B. Importance of four variables of walking to patients with stroke. Int J Rehabil Res 14: 246-250 (1991)
- Van Vliet, P. M.; Lincoln, N. B.; Robinson E. Comparison of the content of two physiotherapy approaches for stroke. Clin Rehabil 15: 398-341 (2001)
- Lamprecht H. Ambulante Neuroreha nach Schlaganfall – ein Plädoyer für Intensivprogramme. Physiopraxis 2016; 14(9): 13-15 (2016)
- Hesse, S. Lokomotionstherapie. Ein praxisorientierter Überblick. Bad Honnef: Hippocampus Verlag (2007)
- Müller F.; Walter, E.; Herzog, J. Praktische Neurorehabilitation. Behandlungskonzepte nach Schädigung des Nervensystems. Stuttgart: Kohlhammmer Verlag (2014)
- Moseley, A. M.; Stark, A.; Cameron, I. D.; Pollock, A. Treadmill training and body weight support for walking after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD002840 (2005)
- Westlake, K.; Patten, C. Pilot study of Lokomat versus manualassisted treadmill training for locomotor recovery post Stroke. J Neuroeng Rehabil 6:18 (2009)
- Werner, C.; Frankenberg, S.; Treig, T. et al. Treadmill training with partial body weight support and an electromechanical gait trainer for restoration of gait in subacute stroke patients: a randomized crossover study. Stroke 33:2895-2901 (2002)
- Freivogel, S.; Schmalohr, D.; Mehrholz, J. Improved walking ability and reduced therapeutic stress with an electromechanical gait device. J Rehabil Med 41: 734–739 (2009)
- Hesse, S.; Mehrholz, J.; Werner, C. Robot-assisted upper and lower limb rehabilitation after stroke: walking and arm/hand function. Dt Ärztebl Int 105: 330–336. (2008)
- Mehrholz, J.; Werner C.; Kugler, J. et al. Electromechanicalassisted training for walking after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4: CD006185 (2007)
- Mehrholz, J.; Werner C.; Kugler, J. et al. Electromechanicalassisted training for walking after stroke [Update]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4: CD006185 (2010)
- Mehrholz, J., Elsner, B., Werner, C., Kugler, J. & Pohl, M. Electromechanicalassisted training for walking after stroke. Cochrane database Syst. Rev. 7, CD006185 (2013).
- Pohl, M. et al. Repetitive locomotor training and physiotherapy improve walking and basic activities of daily living after stroke: a single-blind, randomized multicentre trial (DEutsche GAngtrainerStudie, DEGAS). Clin. Rehabil. 21, 17–27 (2007)
- ReMoS-Arbeitsgruppe. S2e-Leitlinie. Rehabilitation der Mobilität nach Schlaganfall (ReMoS).
- Swinnen, E. et al. Treadmill Training in Multiple Sclerosis: Can Body Weight Support or Robot Assistance Provide Added Value? A Systematic Review. Mult. Scler. Int. 2012, 1–15 (2012)
- Sale, P. et al. Robot-assisted walking training for individuals with Parkinson’s disease: a pilot randomized controlled trial. BMC Neurol. 13, 50 (2013)
- Smania, N. et al. Improved gait after repetitive locomotor training in children with cerebral palsy. Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 90, 137–149 (2011)
Related contents
Find related exciting contents in our media library.
This is not what you are searching for? Knowledge
Meet our specialists.
Are you interested in our solutions? Schedule a meeting with a Consultant to talk through your strategy and understand how TEHRA-Trainer can help you to advance rehabilitation.