RESERACH & EVIDENCE

Latest research.

Stay up to date with the latest scientific findings and clinical evidence on our THERA-Trainer products. Learn how modern therapy concepts and proven outcomes support patient recovery and functional improvement.

CYCLING

Discover the latest research and clinical evidence behind our CYCLING products.

Pazo-Palacios et al. (2025)

Effects of in-bed cycling in critically ill adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials

Both functional improvements and positive economic effects (LOS) are evident

Design: Meta-analysis; assessments at baseline and post-intervention (ICU discharge, hospital discharge, or follow-up up to 6 months) | 32 Publications | 3052 Patients

Population: 3,052 adults (aged 18 and older)
in intensive care units across
32 randomized controlled trials in multiple countries

Intervention: Bed-based cycling (passive, actively assisted, or active), often combined with standard rehabilitation
(e.g., physical therapy, mobilization exercises); compared to rehabilitation alone or other control groups

Intensity: Various (meta-analysis)

Outcome: Length of hospital stay (LOS), number of studies: 14 (n = 1,189); duration of mechanical ventilation (MV), number of studies: 16 (without FES n = 1,024; with FES n = 474); functional status, number of studies: 5 (n = 400)

Ahmad et al. (2024)

Effect of Adding Early Bedside Cycling to Inpatient Cardiac Rehabilitation after Heart Valve Surgery

Adding early bedside bicycle training to inpatient cardiac rehabilitation following heart valve surgery leads to significantly better outcomes

Design: RCT (parallel, single-center) | 31 Patients

Population: 31 patients following heart valve surgery (median sternotomy), aged 20–40 years; IM n=16, CM n=15

Intervention: Bed cycling with a mini-bike + standard rehab vs. rehab alone

Intensity: 2 days post-op until discharge; focus on early mobilization

Outcome: Improvement in 6MWD, Barthel Index, and FVC; shorter ICU and overall length of stay

Brookman et al. (2024)

Evaluation of an exercise program incorporating an international cycling competition

The exercise program featuring gamified indoor cycling in long-term care facilities demonstrated significant improvements in the physical, mental, and social health of older adults. The combination of exercise, competition, technology, and social interaction was particularly effective.

Design: Pilot study (mixed methods) | 32 Patients

Population: 32 nursing home residents; average age 83.1 years; 45% with dementia; 50% without a walking aid

Intervention: Multimodal indoor cycling with gamification and competition

Intensity: 26 participants – daily – cycling, audiovisual route, group interaction, competition

Outcome: Improvement in functional fitness, reduced depression, increased self-efficacy, enhanced social interaction

Rojo et al. (2024)

Effects of a Virtual Reality Cycling Platform on Lower Limb Rehabilitation in Patients With Ataxia and Hemiparesis

In this pilot RCT, both groups (with and without VR) showed short-term improvements in range of motion, particularly in active hip flexion and passive knee extension. The use of virtual reality did not result in additional functional benefits—but VR can serve as a motivational supplement.

Design: Pilot RCT (block randomized) | 20 Patients

Population: n = 20 adults with ataxia and hemiparesis; mean age 59.9 ± 13.6 years

Intervention: Cycling training with vs. without VR support

Intensity: 3 sessions/week for 1 week; each: 2×5 min pedaling at 4, 5, and 6 km/h, 2 min rest; VR use via Oculus Quest 2

Outcome: Improved active hip flexion, improved passive knee extension

Simmons et al. (2024)

Intensive Aerobic Cycling Is Feasible and Elicits Improvements in Gait Velocity in Individuals With Multiple Sclerosis

High-intensity aerobic cycling, particularly using forced-rate (FE), is feasible for individuals with MS and resulted in measurable improvements in walking speed—from 0.61 to 0.68 m/s on average (p = 0.010). FE showed a greater increase (+0.09 m/s) than VE (+0.03 m/s), although the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.17)

Design: Pilot study | 22 Patients

Population: 22 MS patients, EDSS 2.0–6.5 (moderate mobility impairment) FE group: n=12 VE group: n=10

Intervention: Forced-rate (FE) vs Voluntary (VE) Aerobic Cycling

Intensity: 12 weeks, 2×/week, 45 min each at 60–80% HRmax, mean HR 65 ± 7%, cadence 67 ± 13 RPM

Outcome: Improvement in gait speed (0.61 → 0.70 m/s); FE: +0.09 vs VE: +0.03 m/s

Abe et al. (2023)

Leg Cycling Leads to Improvement of Spasticity by Enhancement of Presynaptic Inhibition in Patients with Cerebral Palsy

A single session of rhythmic leg cycling led to a significant improvement in spinal inhibition (D1 inhibition) and a reduction in spastic reflexes (H-reflex, Hₘₐₓ/H-M wave) in adults with cerebral palsy, accompanied by increased knee MAV (greater mobility). These findings suggest plastic changes in spinal inhibitory networks and demonstrate that even a single cycling session can reduce spasticity—through targeted modulation of presynaptic inhibition.

Design: Pre-post study | 14 Patients

Population: 14 patients with spastic cerebral palsy
Age: 19–45 years
Alter: 19–45 Jahre

Intervention: A single session of passive leg cycling on a stationary bike

Intensity: 30 min single-session therapeutic leg cycling (rhythmic)

Outcome: Reduction in spasticity via increased presynaptic inhibition (neurophysiologically measurable via H-reflex analysis)

Linder et al. (2023)

Increased Comfortable Gait Speed Is Associated With Improved Gait Biomechanics in Persons With Chronic Stroke Completing an 8-Week Forced‑Rate Aerobic Cycling Intervention

The 8-week forced-rate cycling program led to a significant increase in walking speed (+0.09 m/s) and a marked improvement in endurance performance (6MWT +53 m) in patients with chronic stroke. “Responders” who demonstrated clinically relevant progress—including improved gait kinematics and kinetics—benefited significantly from this.

Design: Before–after study (no control group) | 14 Patients

Population: N = 14 patients with chronic stroke (<6 months post-stroke) Age: not specified 60–80% of heart rate reserve

Intervention: Forced-Rate Aerobic Cycling (Exercise bike with preset cadence)

Intensity: 24 sessions (3×/week), 60–80% heart rate reserve; 50 min per session

Outcome: Gait speed increased from 0.61 to 0.70 m/s; 6-minute walk test (6MWT): 272 → 325 m; significant improvements in spatiotemporal parameters, ground reaction force, and power output in patients reaching MCID

Ringenbach et al. (2023)

Assisted Cycle Therapy (ACT) Improved Self‑Efficacy and Exercise Perception in Middle‑Age Adults with Down Syndrome

Motor-assisted cycling training (ACT) significantly improved both the confidence in one’s own movement abilities and the positive perception of the training in adults with Down syndrome, whereas voluntary cycling only increased self‑efficacy. The concept is particularly promising for a population with cognitive impairments, as motivation and self-assessment can be enhanced through external support.

Design: Quasi-randomized study | 24 Patients

Population: ACT: n=12, VC: n=10, NC: n=2, mean age ~59.9 ± 13.6; mean = 36.4 years, adults with Down syndrome

Intervention: Motor-assisted cycling training (ACT) vs. voluntary cycling (VC) vs. no intervention (NC)

Intensity: 3×/week for 8 weeks, 30 min, plus 30% higher cadence

Outcome: Improvement in self-efficacy after 8 weeks

Shinohara et al. (2023)

The Effect of In-Bed Leg Cycling Exercises on Muscle Strength in Patients With ICU-Acquired Weakness

Ergometer training in bed led to a significantly faster recovery from ICU-AW and markedly greater gains in strength, particularly in the legs. There were no significant differences in upper extremity and functional scores (FSS, FIM, grip strength).

Design: Retrospective (historically controlled) | 23 Patients

Population: Ergometer group: n = 23; ICU patients diagnosed with ICU-acquired weakness (ICU-AW); control group: n = 33 comparable ICU-AW patients; age/demographic data not specified.

Intervention: In-Bed Leg Cycling + Early Mobilization vs. Early Mobilization Alone

Intensity: 5×/week, 20 min in-bed leg cycling + 1 mobilization per day

Outcome: Recovery from ICU-acquired weakness at ICU discharge: 87% vs. 60.6%; efficiency of muscle strength gain (MRC sum): ergometer 1.0 [0.7–2.1] vs control 0.1 [0.0–0.2]; lower limb strength efficiency: ergometer 0.6 [0.3–0.9] vs control 0.1 [0.0–0.2]

Lin et al. (2022)

Effects of Lower Limb Cycling Training on Different Components of Force and Fatigue in Individuals With Parkinson’s Disease

Low-resistance cycling training over 8 weeks demonstrably led to improved muscle strength (MVC), better neural activation (VA), and stronger reflexes (twitch force) in the knee extensors among patients with Parkinson’s disease—all of which were statistically significant (p < 0.05). Of particular relevance is the marked improvement in central fatigue resilience (CFI)—a centrally controlled aspect—while peripheral fatigue values remained unchanged.

Design: Randomized controlled trial | 24 Patients

Population: 24 patients with idiopathic Parkinson’s disease (13 men, 11 women), mean age: 60.6 ± 8.2 years

Intervention: Low-intensity leg cycling workout

Intensity: 8 weeks, 2–3×/week (not exactly specified), low-resistance leg cycling

Outcome: Improvement in muscle strength (MVC, VA, twitch force); reduction in central fatigue; peripheral fatigue unchanged

Linder et al. (2022)

An 8‑week aerobic cycling intervention elicits improved gait velocity and biomechanics in persons with Parkinson’s disease

The 8-week moderate-to-vigorous aerobic cycling program resulted in a significant increase in walking speed (+0.14 m/s) among individuals with moderate Parkinson’s disease, while walking performance in the control group deteriorated. This improvement was accompanied by a normalization of walking biomechanics—better cadence, longer strides, and an improved stance phase.

Design: Randomized controlled trial | 28 Patients

Population: N = 28 with mild to moderate idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD) Intervention group (PDex): n = 14, control group: n = 14 Mean age not specified†

Intervention: Aerobic stationary cycling

Intensity: 8 weeks, 3× per week, moderate-to-high intensity (60–80% heart rate reserve)

Outcome: Improvement in gait speed: +0.14 m/s (0.86 → 1.00 m/s) vs. decline in control group (0.91 → 0.80 m/s)

Vitacca et al. (2022)

In-Patient Trajectories and Effects of Training in Survivors of COVID-19–Associated Acute Respiratory Failure

This study shows that a tailored inpatient rehabilitation program incorporating a gradual introduction of cycle ergometer training in COVID-19 ARDS survivors improves both functional performance (SPPB) and significantly increases mobility levels—regardless of the initial performance level. The 6-minute walk test improved by up to 115 m with stable oxygen saturation. The training was feasible and effective during the rehabilitation stay.

Design: Retrospective cohort study | 123 Patients

Population: n = 123 COVID-19 survivors following ARDS
Age: not specified
SPPB stages at admission:
– Stage 1 (<6): 44 (35.8%)
– Stage 2 (6–9): 50 (40.6%)
– Stage 3 (≥10): 29 (23.6%)

Intervention: Inpatient rehabilitation with gradual increase in exercise intensity, including a cycle ergometer

Intensity: 1 rehabilitation stay; SPPB-based training: passive → gait exercises → strength/balance training → cycling

Outcome: 65.8% of patients improved their SPPB by at least the MCID; proportion in stage 3 increased from 23.6% to 56.9%; 6MWD improved by median 115 m (no desaturation) / 60 m (with desaturation)

Coote et al. (2019)

The Effect of Cycling Using Active-Passive Trainers on Spasticity, Cardiovascular Fitness, Function and QoL in People with Moderate to Severe MS – A Feasibility Study

Active-passive cycling training (APT) was highly feasible and safe for sedentary MS patients with moderate to severe disability. All participants in the training group completed the program in full and demonstrated significant improvements in exercise performance, spasticity, endurance, function, and quality of life.

Design: Parallel-groups RCT (feasibility) | 24 Patients

Population: n = 24 hospitalized MS patients with moderate to severe disability (EDSS ≥ 6) IG = 15, CG = 9

Intervention: Active-Passive Trainer (APT) + Standard Rehabilitation vs. Standard Rehabilitation Alone

Intensity: 4 weeks, 5×/week, 30 min each (2 min passive – 26 min active – 2 min passive)

Outcome: 100% adherence, no adverse events; increases in speed, power, and distance during training

Rayegani et al. (2011)

The Effect of Electrical Passive Cycling on Spasticity in War Veterans with Spinal Cord Injury

Electric-assisted cycling resulted in significant improvements in patients with spinal cord injuries who had been wounded in combat

Design: Prospective controlled intervention study | 64 Patients

Population: n = 64 SCI patients (95% male), mean age ~43 years; lesion level: 17% cervical, 34% upper thoracic, 45% lower thoracic, 3% lumbar

Intervention: Electrically assisted passive leg cycling vs. no pedaling exercise

Intensity: Single or repeated sessions (not specified)

Outcome: Marked reduction in spasticity scale; improved passive ROM in hip, knee, and ankle; neurophysiological improvements (Hmax/M ratio, F/M ratio)

Fowler et al. (2010)

Pediatric Endurance and Limb Strengthening (PEDALS) Using Stationary Cycling – A Randomized Controlled Trial

The PEDALS cycling training program was safe, feasible, and clinically promising for ambulatory children with spastic cerebral palsy

Design: Phase I RCT (partially blinded) | 62 Patients

Population: 62 outpatients with spastic diplegia (CP) Age: 7–18 years GMFCS I–III

Intervention: Stationary bike training (PEDALS protocol: strength + endurance)

Intensity: 12 weeks, 30 sessions, strength and endurance training

Outcome: Improvement in 600-yard test performance; improvement in GMFM-D&E; improvement in knee extensor strength (at 120°/s)

Ataxia and hemiparesis

Rojo et al. (2024). Effects of a Virtual Reality Cycling Platform on Lower Limb Rehabilitation in Patients With Ataxia and Hemiparesis. Reference

Cardiac surgery

Ahmad et al. (2024). Effect of Adding Early Bedside Cycling to Inpatient Cardiac Rehabilitation after Heart Valve Surgery. Reference

Cerebral palsy

Holmes, S. P., et al. (2025). Home-based motorised cycling in adults with cerebral palsy: A feasibility study. Disability and Rehabilitation. Reference

Abe et al. (2023). Leg Cycling Leads to Improvement of Spasticity by Enhancement of Presynaptic Inhibition in Patients with Cerebral Palsy. Reference

Fowler et al. (2010). Pediatric Endurance and Limb Strengthening (PEDALS) Using Stationary Cycling – A Randomized Controlled Trial. Reference

Chronic Heart Failure

Karatzanos, E., et al. (2021). Cardiorespiratory responses in chronic heart failure patients. Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease. Reference

Nakaya, Y., et al. (2021). Early cardiac rehabilitation for acute heart failure: The PEARL study. European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine. Reference

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

Kammerlander, C., et al. (2025). Eccentric cycling in COPD: Randomized crossover trial. Respiratory Medicine. Reference

Down syndrome

Ringenbach et al. (2023). Assisted Cycle Therapy (ACT) Improved Self‑Efficacy and Exercise Perception in Middle‑Age Adults with Down Syndrome. Reference

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

Jansen, A. M., et al. (2013). Assisted bicycle training in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: A randomized controlled trial. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair. Reference

Facioscapulohumeral Dystrophy

Philp, F., et al. (2022). Intermittent arm cycling in Facioscapulohumeral dystrophy: Pilot study. PLoS ONE. Reference

Hemodialysis

Lai, T., et al. (2025). Intradialytic exercise effects on arterial stiffness & gait speed in hemodialysis patients. Medical Science Monitor. Reference

Paglialonga, G., et al. (2014). Intradialytic cycling in children on chronic hemodialysis. Pediatric Nephrology. Reference

Hip osteoarthritis

Froehlich, D., et al. (2020). A cycling and education intervention for the treatment of hip osteoarthritis. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. Reference

Intensive care

Pazo-Palacios et al. (2025). Effects of in-bed cycling in critically ill adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials. Reference

Wi, J., et al. (2024). Feasibility and safety of in-bed cycling/stepping in critically ill patients. PLoS ONE. Reference

Shinohara et al. (2023). The Effect of In-Bed Leg Cycling Exercises on Muscle Strength in Patients With ICU-Acquired Weakness. Reference

Newman, J., et al. (2021). CardiO Cycle: In-bed cycling post cardiac surgery pilot study. Pilot and Feasibility Studies. Reference

Nickels, M., et al. (2020). In-bed cycling with critically ill patients: Feasibility study. Australian Critical Care. Reference

Waldauf, P., et al. (2020). Rehabilitation interventions in critically ill patients: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Critical Care Medicine. Reference

Ringdal, M., et al. (2018). In-bed cycling in the ICU: Patient safety and motivation. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. Reference

Choong, K., et al. (2015). In-bed mobilization in critically ill children: Safety & feasibility study. Intensive Care Medicine. Reference

Camargo Pires-Neto, R., et al. (2013). Very early passive cycling in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients: A case series. PLoS ONE. Reference

Intensive care (Post-Covid)

Vitacca et al. (2022). In-Patient Trajectories and Effects of Training in Survivors of COVID-19–Associated Acute Respiratory Failure. Reference

Intermittent Claudication

Pymer, S. C., et al. (2021). HIIT for intermittent claudication patients: Feasibility study. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation and Prevention. Reference

Multiple sclerosis

Simmons et al. (2024). Intensive Aerobic Cycling Is Feasible and Elicits Improvements in Gait Velocity in Individuals With Multiple Sclerosis. Reference

Barclay, R. L., et al. (2019). The effect of cycling using active-passive trainers on spasticity, cardiovascular fitness, function and quality of life in people with moderate to severe Multiple Sclerosis: a feasibility study. Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders. Reference

Coote et al. (2019). The Effect of Cycling Using Active-Passive Trainers on Spasticity, Cardiovascular Fitness, Function and QoL in People with Moderate to Severe MS – A Feasibility Study. Reference

Huckabee, L., et al. (2009). Functional electrical stimulation-assisted cycling of patients with multiple sclerosis. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. Reference

Neurological diseases

Gondin, J., et al. (2015). Overview of FES-Assisted Cycling Approaches and Their Benefits. Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation. Reference

Older adults

Brookman et al. (2024). Evaluation of an exercise program incorporating an international cycling competition. Reference

Osteoarthritis

Keogh, J. W. L., et al. (2018). HIIT vs continuous cycling in knee osteoarthritis: A randomized clinical trial. PeerJ. Reference

Parkinson’s disease

Sheean, G., et al. (2024). Bicycling for Rehabilitation of Persons With Parkinson Disease. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders. Reference

Lin et al. (2022). Effects of Lower Limb Cycling Training on Different Components of Force and Fatigue in Individuals With Parkinson’s Disease. Reference

Linder et al. (2022). An 8‑week aerobic cycling intervention elicits improved gait velocity and biomechanics in persons with Parkinson’s disease. Reference

Plotnik, M., et al. (2021). Parkinson's disease patients benefit from bicycling. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair. Reference

van der Kolk, N. M., & King, L. A. (2019). Cycling in Parkinson’s disease – Systematic review. npj Parkinson's Dis. Reference

Alberts, J. L., et al. (2011). Dynamic high-cadence cycling improves motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease. Movement Disorders. Reference

Ridgel, A. L., et al. (2009). Effect of a high-intensity tandem bicycle exercise program on Parkinson’s disease. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair. Reference

Postoperative

Sanzo, R., et al. (2021). The effects of exercise and active assisted cycle ergometry postoperatively. Journal of Perioperative Practice. Reference

Spinal cord injury

Dionne, J., et al. (2023). PROMPT-SCI: Early activity-based therapy after traumatic spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord Series and Cases. Reference

Phadke, C. P., et al. (2018). Impact of passive leg cycling in persons with spinal cord injury: A systematic review. Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine. Reference

Galea, M. P., et al. (2017). SCIPA switch-on: FES-assisted vs passive cycling after spinal cord injury. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair. Reference

Nardone, A., et al. (2017). Passive cycling in neurorehabilitation after spinal cord injury. Frontiers in Neurology. Reference

Dietz, V. (2016). Passive cycling in neurorehabilitation after spinal cord injury: A review. Frontiers in Neurology. Reference

Kalinowska, M., et al. (2016). Effects of passive pedaling exercise on intracortical inhibition in humans with spinal cord injury. Brain Stimulation. Reference

Rayegani et al. (2011). The Effect of Electrical Passive Cycling on Spasticity in War Veterans with Spinal Cord Injury. Reference

Rayegani, S. M., et al. (2011). The Effect of Electrical Passive Cycling on Spasticity in War Veterans with SCI. Frontiers in Neurology. Reference

Kakebeeke, T. H., et al. (2005). The effect of passive cycling movements on spasticity after spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. Reference

Stroke

Linder, S., et al. (2024). The utilization of forced-rate cycling to facilitate motor recovery. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair. Reference

Linder et al. (2023). Increased Comfortable Gait Speed Is Associated With Improved Gait Biomechanics in Persons With Chronic Stroke Completing an 8-Week Forced‑Rate Aerobic Cycling Intervention. Reference

Holzapfel, S. G., et al. (2019). Acute effects of assisted cycling therapy on post-stroke motor function. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair. Reference

Vanroy, C., et al. (2017). Effectiveness of Active Cycling in Subacute Stroke: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases. Reference

Peri, A., et al. (2016). Can FES-Augmented Active Cycling Training Improve Motor Recovery in Stroke Patients?. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair. Reference

Bauer, P., et al. (2015). Functional electrical stimulation-assisted active cycling—Therapeutic effects in patients with hemiparesis from 7 days to 6 months after stroke: A randomized controlled pilot study. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. Reference

STADING & BALANCING

Discover the latest research and clinical evidence behind our STADING & BALANCING products.

Balance Disorders

Gschwind, Y. J., et al. (2021). The Dynamic Innovative Balance System Improves Balance Ability: A Single-blind RCT. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy. Reference

Chronic Stroke

Eggenberger, N., et al. (2021). Personalized Motor-Cognitive Exergame Training in Chronic Stroke Patients: A Feasibility Study. Frontiers in Neurology. Reference

Dementia

Van Dijk-Huisman, H. M., et al. (2016). Feasibility and effects of exergames in persons with dementia: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. Reference

Dementia / Long-term Care

Swinnen, N., et al. (2021). The efficacy of exergaming in people with major neurocognitive disorder residing in long-term care facilities: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Alzheimer's Research & Therapy. Reference

Fall Prevention in Older Age

Bakker, J., et al. (2020). Balance training monitoring and individual response during unstable vs. stable balance Exergaming in elderly adults: Findings from a randomized controlled trial. stable balance Exergaming in elderly adults: findings from a randomized controlled trial. Experimental Gerontology. Reference

Gait Training in Older Age

de Bruin, E. D., et al. (2019). Playing Exergames Facilitates Central Drive to the Ankle Dorsiflexors During Gait in Older Adults; a Quasi-Experimental Investigation. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. Reference

Geriatric Rehabilitation

Altorfer, A., et al. (2021). Feasibility of Cognitive-Motor Exergames in Geriatric Inpatient Rehabilitation: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Study. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. Reference

Healthy Older Adults

Schlick, C., et al. (2022). Effects of 8 weeks of exergaming on dual-task gait and cognition in healthy older adults. European Journal of Medical Research. Reference

Maillot, P., et al. (2019). Effects of exergame training on cognitive and physical functions in healthy older adults. Frontiers in Physiology. Reference

HIIT (High-Intensity Interval Training), Older Adults

Rebsamen, S., et al. (2019). Exergame-Driven High-Intensity Interval Training in Untrained Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Formative One-Group Quasi-Experimental Feasibility Trial. Frontiers in Physiology. Reference

Long-term Care

Saposnik, G., et al. (2006). Exergame training and improvement of physical function in long-term care residents: A randomized controlled trial. Clinical Rehabilitation. Reference

Multiple sclerosis

Eggenberger, N., et al. (2021). Design and Evaluation of User-Centered Exergames for Patients with Multiple Sclerosis: Multilevel Usability and Feasibility Studies. JMIR Serious Games. Reference

Neurological diseases

Lee, S., et al. (2020). Effects of exergaming on physical functions in patients with neurological diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Neurology. Reference

Older adults

Giannouli, E., et al. (2022). Older adults' needs and requirements for a comprehensive exergame-based telerehabilitation system: A focus group study. Frontiers in Public Health. Reference

Parisi, A., et al. (2021). Effect of Cognition and Dual-Task Training on Older Adults' Cognitive and Motor Function. Alzheimer's Research & Therapy. Reference

Proffitt, R., et al. (2021). The effects of exergame training on physical and cognitive functions in older adults: A randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. Reference

Bridenbaugh, S. A., et al. (2020). The effects of exergames on balance, gait, and cognition in older adults: a systematic review. Experimental Gerontology. Reference

Helbostad, J. L., et al. (2020). Effectiveness of evidence-based balance training transferred into clinical setting. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. Reference

Lamoth, C. J. C., et al. (2019). Exergame training to improve cognitive and physical function in older adults: a randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. Reference

Law, L. L., et al. (2019). Effects of exergames on executive functions, cognitive and motor functions in older adults: a systematic review. Experimental Gerontology.

Mirelman, A., et al. (2018). Influence of exergaming on physical activity and the prevention of falls in the elderly population. Frontiers in Physiology. Reference

Howe, T. E., et al. (2015). A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis: Effectiveness of Balance Training for Older Adults. Age and Ageing. Reference

Older Adults / Rehabilitation

Selles, R. W., et al. (2021). Efficacy of an Integrated Training Device in Improving Muscle Strength and Balance. Frontiers in Rehabilitation Sciences. Reference

Older Adults, Executive Functions, Gait

Eggenberger, P., et al. (2016). Adaptations of Prefrontal Brain Activity, Executive Functions, and Gait in Healthy Elderly Following Exergame and Balance Training: A Randomized Controlled Study. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. Reference

Older Adults, Vestibular Training

Swanenburg, J., et al. (2018). Exergaming in a Moving Virtual World to Train Vestibular Functions and Gait: A Proof-of-Concept-Study with Older Adults. Frontiers in Neurology. Reference

Parkinson’s Disease (Inpatient Rehabilitation)

Jäggi, S. M., et al. (2023). Feasibility and effects of cognitive-motor exergames on fall risk factors in typical and atypical Parkinson’s inpatients: A randomized controlled pilot study. BMC Neurology. Reference

Robust Older Adults, Balance/Training

Morat, M., et al. (2019). Effects of Stepping Exergames Under Stable Versus Unstable Conditions on Balance and Strength in Healthy Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Three-Armed Randomized Controlled Trial. Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine. Reference

Standing Training, Fall Prevention

Thera-Trainer Team, et al. (2023). Avoiding falls through balance training (THERA-Trainer). THERA-Trainer Evidence Paper. . Reference

Stroke

Haegele, K. J., et al. (2024). Neuroathletic training in stroke rehabilitation: A single-blind randomized controlled trial. Forschungsinstitut für Gesundheitssystem, Köln.. Reference

Ordahan, B., et al. (2015). Impact of exercises administered to stroke patients with balance trainer on rehabilitation results: a randomized controlled study. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases. Reference

Stroke (Hemiplegia)

Lundin, K., et al. (1995). Clinical evaluation of a new biofeedback standing balance training device. Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. Reference

Various Diseases

Breeden, M. W., et al. (2020). Using New Technologies for Rehabilitation: A Pilot Study of an e-Health Telerehabilitation System. JMIR Rehabilitation and Assistive Technologies. Reference

Vestibular Dysfunction

Swanenburg, J., et al. (2020). Exergaming With Integrated Head Turn Tasks Improves Compensatory Saccade Pattern in Some Patients With Chronic Peripheral Unilateral Vestibular Hypofunction. Frontiers in Neurology. Reference

GAIT

Discover the latest research and clinical evidence behind our GAIT products.

Cerebral palsy

Choi, S., et al. (2024). Overground Gait Training With a Wearable Robot in Children With Cerebral Palsy. JAMA Network Open. Reference

Chronischer Stroke

Bonanno, L., et al. (2025). May Patients with Chronic Stroke Benefit from Robotic Gait Training?. Reference

MS

Asirelli, P., et al. (2024). Can robotic gait training with end effectors improve lower-limb functions in patients affected by multiple sclerosis? Results from a retrospective case–control …. Journal of Clinical Medicine. Reference

Neurologische Erkrankungen

Hotz, V. J., et al. (2024). Robot-assisted gait training in patients with various neurological diseases. PLoS ONE. Reference

Spinal cord injury

Lee, D., et al. (2024). Robot-Assisted Gait Training in Individuals With Spinal Cord Injury: A Meta-analysis. Medicine. Reference

Shin, J., et al. (2022). Effects of end-effector robot-assisted gait training on gait and balance in spinal cord injury patients. Brain Sciences. Reference

Kim, J., et al. (2021). Effects on the Motor Function, Proprioception, Balance, and Gait Ability of the End-Effector Robot-Assisted Gait Training for Spinal Cord Injury Patients. Brain Sciences. Reference

Stroke

Unverricht, P., et al. (2025). The Feasibility and Therapeutic Effect of Hybrid End-effector Robot-Assisted Gait Training. Reference

Kim, Y., et al (2024). Identifying optimal candidates and interventions in physical therapy and exoskeletal and end-effector robot-assisted gait training for balance, gait, and cognition: A longitudinal study of 190 patients with stroke. Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation. Reference

Liu, J., et al. (2024). How robot-assisted gait training affects gait ability, balance and quality of life after stroke: A systematic review. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience. Reference

Lee, D., et al. (2023). End-effector lower limb robot-assisted gait training effects in subacute stroke patients: A randomized controlled pilot trial. Medicine. Reference

Kim, J., et al. (2020). Neuroplastic effects of end-effector robotic gait training for hemiparetic stroke: a randomised controlled trial. Scientific Reports. Reference

Marensi, E., et al. (2020). Effectiveness of Intervention Based on End-effector Gait Trainer in Older Patients With Stroke: A Systematic Review. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association. Reference

Aprile, I., Iacovelli, C., Goffredo, M., Cruciani, A., Galli, M., Simbolotti, C., ... & Franceschini, M. (2019). Efficacy of end-effector Robot-Assisted Gait Training in subacute stroke patients: Clinical and gait outcomes from a pilot bi-centre study. NeuroRehabilitation. Reference

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Bruni, V., et al. (2018). What does best evidence tell us about robotic gait rehabilitation in stroke patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience. Reference

Mora, C., et al. (2018). Efficacy of end-effector Robot-Assisted Gait Training in subacute stroke patients. Medicine. Reference

Mazzoleni, S., et al. (2017). Robot-assisted end-effector-based gait training in chronic stroke patients: A multicentric uncontrolled observational retrospective clinical study. NeuroRehabilitation. Reference

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Verschiedene neurologische Erkrankungen

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ZNS Lesion

Hesse, S. (2013). Evidence of end-effector based gait machines in gait rehabilitation after CNS lesion. NeuroRehabilitation. Reference